Why Choose the Bahamas for Company Formation?
The Bahamas suits operators who want an offshore company with genuine regulatory credibility rather than the lowest possible cost. Its International Business Company combines 100% foreign ownership, no general corporate income tax, and one-to-five-day formation with something most offshore peers lack: a dedicated digital-asset law, the Digital Assets and Registered Exchanges Act 2024, supervised by the Securities Commission of the Bahamas.[2][5] It is best for licensed crypto and fintech businesses, and a weaker fit for founders chasing the cheapest shell.
A Securities-Supervised Digital-Asset Regime
The DARE Act 2024 governs digital-asset exchanges, custody, staking, advisory services, token offerings, and digital-asset derivatives, all under the Securities Commission of the Bahamas.[5][6] An applicant must be a Bahamian-incorporated company, which is why the IBC is the standard vehicle. Few offshore jurisdictions place digital assets under a securities regulator with bespoke primary legislation, and that supervisory standing is the jurisdiction’s central differentiator. The pathway from company formation to a digital-asset registration is direct: see our Bahamas crypto licensing guide.
No General Corporate Tax, With One New Exception
The Bahamas levies no corporate income tax, no capital gains tax, and no withholding tax on dividends, interest, or royalties for ordinary businesses.[12] The single exception, in force since , is a 15% Domestic Minimum Top-Up Tax that applies only to constituent entities of multinational groups with annual revenue of €750m or more.[8] For comparison, neighbouring Bermuda introduced an equivalent 15% corporate income tax for the same threshold from ,[18] so the top-up applies across the premium offshore tier rather than singling the Bahamas out.
Formation Speed and Remote Setup
A Bahamian IBC can be incorporated in one to five business days once due diligence is complete, with the entire process handled remotely through a licensed registered agent.[1] No director or shareholder needs to visit. The constraint on speed is rarely the registry: it is gathering and certifying personal due-diligence documents, which a prepared founder can assemble in advance.
Entity Types Under Bahamian Law
Bahamian company law offers several vehicles, but for crypto, fintech, and high-risk businesses one stands out. The International Business Company under the International Business Companies Act 2000 is the standard structure and the entity a digital-asset applicant must use, because a registration under the Digital Assets and Registered Exchanges Act 2024 requires a Bahamian-incorporated company.[2][5] Alternatives exist for funds and partnerships, but they are not general operating shells.
Definition: International Business Company (IBC)
A flexible limited-liability company under the International Business Companies Act 2000, designed for international business conducted outside the Bahamas. No minimum capital, one director minimum (corporate directors permitted), 100% foreign ownership, and eligibility to apply for a digital-asset registration under the Digital Assets and Registered Exchanges Act 2024.
| Entity | Min. Capital | Directors | Online Registration | Used For |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| International Business Company (IBC) | None | 1 (corporate permitted) | Yes (via licensed agent) | Standard vehicle for crypto, fintech, and high-risk; required for DARE registration |
| Bahamas LLC (Limited Liability Company Act 2016) | None | Member or manager-managed | Yes (via agent) | Contractual-flexibility structures; joint ventures; less common for licensed crypto |
| Domestic company (Companies Act 1992) | None statutory | 1 | Yes | Local or resident-facing business and local licensing |
| Exempted Limited Partnership | n/a (partnership) | General partner | Yes | Private equity and venture funds |
| Investment Condominium (ICON, Investment Condominium Act 2014) | n/a (participation interests) | Administrator-managed | Via administrator | Investment-fund vehicle only, must be licensed as a fund |
Formation Process
A Bahamian IBC is incorporated through a licensed registered agent, who files the Memorandum and Articles of Association with the Registrar General’s Department.[1] The fastest realistic timeline is one business day for the registry step once due diligence clears, with three to five business days a more typical end-to-end figure including name reservation and document certification.
What You Need to Prepare
| Document / Item | Details | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Certified passport copy | Each director, shareholder, and beneficial owner | Notarised; apostilled if issued abroad |
| Proof of residential address | Utility bill or bank statement, within 3 months | Each principal |
| Bank or professional reference | Character and source-of-funds evidence | Standard offshore due diligence |
| Source-of-funds documentation | Origin of capital and business funds | Scrutinised for higher-risk profiles |
| Company name | Pre-checked for availability via the registry | Reservation valid 21 days, renewable |
| Registered office and agent | Mandatory Bahamian licensed agent and office | Required at all times during the company’s life |
| Memorandum and Articles | Drafted by the agent or supplied | Filed with the Registrar General’s Department |
| Beneficial ownership declaration | Identifying all beneficial owners | Held on the agent-maintained secure register |
Documents issued outside the Bahamas must be apostilled, because the Bahamas is party to the Hague Apostille Convention; documents from non-Hague states require consular legalisation instead.[11] Certified copies are commonly accepted within a three-month validity window.
Engage a Licensed Agent
Only a Bahamian licensed financial and corporate service provider can incorporate a company. The agent runs initial due diligence and confirms the structure. Engagement is the true starting point; nothing can be filed without it.
Name Reservation and Preparation
The agent checks and reserves the company name through the registry, valid for 21 days and renewable. Registered office, share structure, and the Memorandum and Articles are settled in parallel.
Due Diligence and Document Certification
Certified, notarised, and apostilled identity and address documents are collected for every principal. This is the step most likely to delay formation, so prepare it first.
Registry Filing
The agent files the Memorandum and Articles with the Registrar General’s Department and pays the government incorporation fee. The Certificate of Incorporation is issued and the company gains legal personality.
Post-Registration Setup
Beneficial-ownership filing with the agent, economic-substance classification, and the start of banking onboarding. A digital-asset registration, if required, is a separate Securities Commission process. Banking is the longest-running task and should begin immediately.
Requirements
Bahamian formation requirements are light at the point of registration and heavier on an ongoing basis. There is no local-director requirement and no minimum capital, but two elements are non-negotiable: a Bahamian licensed registered agent must act at all times, and beneficial ownership must be recorded and kept current.[2][9]
| Requirement | Standard IBC | For DARE Registration |
|---|---|---|
| Min. Directors | 1 | As set by the Securities Commission, with fit-and-proper assessment |
| Corporate Directors | Permitted | Permitted, subject to suitability review |
| Foreign Ownership | 100% | 100%, with beneficial-owner disclosure |
| Min. Share Capital | None | Solvency and capital conditions set under the DARE Rules |
| Registered Office | Mandatory (Bahamian agent) | Mandatory, with demonstrable local presence |
| Registered Agent | Mandatory | Mandatory |
| UBO Disclosure | To agent-maintained register | Full disclosure to the regulator |
| Nominee Directors | Permitted | Permitted, but beneficial owners disclosed |
| Economic Substance Filing | Annual (all entities) | Annual, with substance likely engaged |
| Local Officers | None | Compliance Officer and Money Laundering Reporting Officer required |
Registered Office and Registered Agent
Every Bahamian IBC must maintain a registered office and a licensed registered agent in the Bahamas at all times.[2] The agent is the mandatory gatekeeper: only a licensed financial and corporate service provider can incorporate a company, and all filings, due diligence, and register maintenance run through them. Losing an agent without appointing a replacement places the company on the path to strike-off, so the agent relationship is a continuing obligation rather than a one-off formation cost. The annual agent and registered-office fee is the recurring core of the maintenance budget, covered in the Costs section.
Beneficial Ownership and Disclosure
The Register of Beneficial Ownership Act 2018 requires every company to identify its beneficial owners and to keep that information current, with changes filed within 15 days.[9][10] The register is held on a secure database maintained through the registered agent and is not publicly accessible; access is restricted to competent authorities. Penalties for non-compliance are significant, reaching fines and potential imprisonment, so beneficial-ownership upkeep should be treated as a standing compliance task, not a formation formality.[10]
Costs and Pricing
The Bahamas sits in the premium offshore tier on cost: more than the Eastern Caribbean budget jurisdictions, broadly level with the British Virgin Islands, and below Bermuda. The headline government incorporation fee is US$350 for an IBC with authorised capital up to US$50,000, but the headline figure is a fraction of the real first-year cost.[3] The all-in figure is driven by the mandatory licensed agent and registered office.
Government Fees
| Fee Item | Amount (USD) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Incorporation fee (authorised capital up to US$50,000) | US$350 | Standard IBC band[3] |
| Incorporation fee (authorised capital above US$50,000) | US$1,000 | Higher capital band |
| Annual government fee (up to US$50,000 capital) | US$350 | Due 1 January each year[3] |
| Annual government fee (above US$50,000 capital) | US$1,000 | Higher capital band |
| Company name search | US$100 | Per search via the registry[1] |
| Late-payment penalty | 10% from 1 April; 50% from 1 November | Strike-off if unpaid[1] |
Total Cost Summary
| Item | All-in cost (USD) |
|---|---|
| Government incorporation fee | 350 |
| Registered agent and office (year 1) | 1,900 to 3,500 |
| Formation and due-diligence handling | up to 800 (often bundled) |
| Economic-substance classification and filing support | up to 500 |
| Total Year 1 | ~2,500 to 5,000 |
| Annual Ongoing (Year 2+) | ~2,000 to 4,000 |
Figures are date-stamped as of . Banking and any digital-asset registration are additional and are covered in their own sections.
Taxation
The Bahamas operates a no-direct-tax model for ordinary businesses: no corporate income tax, no capital gains tax, and no withholding tax on dividends, interest, or royalties.[12] One change matters for large groups. Since , a 15% Domestic Minimum Top-Up Tax applies to constituent entities of multinational groups with annual revenue of €750m or more, the Bahamas’ first measure of its kind.[8]
| Tax Type | Rate | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Corporate income tax (general) | 0% | No CIT for ordinary businesses (as of )[12] |
| Pillar Two top-up tax (large MNE groups) | 15% | Groups with revenue of €750m or more, from [8] |
| Capital gains tax | 0% | None |
| VAT (standard) | 10% | Since [7] |
| VAT on financial and digital-asset services | Exempt or zero-rated (case-specific) | Many financial services exempt; exports zero-rated[7] |
| Withholding tax (dividends / interest / royalties) | 0% | None[12] |
| Stamp duty (IBC) | Generally exempt | As of |
| Employer National Insurance | Applies to local employees | Payroll-linked contributions |
CRS and CARF Reporting
The Bahamas is a participating jurisdiction for the CRS and exchanges financial-account information automatically.[13] For digital assets, the Bahamas has committed to first exchanges under the OECD Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF) in 2028, in the same wave as the British Virgin Islands, Hong Kong, Singapore, and the United Arab Emirates.[14] Operators should plan for CARF data-collection obligations to take effect domestically ahead of that first-exchange date.
Pillar Two (Global Minimum Tax)
The Domestic Minimum Top-Up Tax Act 2024 brings the Bahamas into line with the OECD’s Pillar Two framework. It applies a 15% effective rate to in-scope multinational groups, tested on revenue of €750m or more over at least two of the four preceding fiscal years; the GloBE information return is due within 15 months of fiscal year-end, extended to 18 months in the transition year.[8] Unlike the rules for those large groups, standalone Bahamian companies below the threshold are unaffected and continue at 0%. This mirrors the position in Bermuda and Cayman, so the measure does not change the Bahamas’ standing relative to its premium offshore peers.
Banking
Banking is the hardest part of operating a Bahamian crypto or fintech company, and it is more difficult than formation by a wide margin. Local institutions are oriented to private banking, wealth management, and trust work rather than transactional crypto, and appetite for non-resident-owned digital-asset companies is limited.
Where a Bahamian relationship is feasible, it typically sits with a wealth-oriented private bank that expects a six-figure relationship balance and a demonstrable connection to the jurisdiction. Initial deposit expectations of US$50,000 to US$100,000 are common, rising to US$250,000 to US$500,000 for higher-risk or complex profiles. Foreign-exchange controls add a step: non-residents register with the Central Bank, and holding foreign currency above US$100,000 requires Central Bank approval.[15]
In practice, crypto-native operating capital is banked outside the Bahamas. The realistic stack pairs the Bahamian entity with payment-institution and electronic-money archetypes elsewhere, for example a European electronic-money institution licensed in a Baltic or Iberian member state, alongside a digital-asset-friendly bank in a continental European jurisdiction that onboards crypto treasuries at six-figure minimums. De-risking is the structural backdrop: the Central Bank has documented correspondent-banking pressure on Bahamian institutions, which tightens onboarding even for clean, well-documented applicants.[15]
Documentation is heavier than for a domestic company: certificate of incorporation, Memorandum and Articles, beneficial-ownership evidence, a detailed business plan, source-of-funds proof, and, for a licensed business, the digital-asset registration itself. Jagelski & Partners’ banking partner network spans 90+ institutions across multiple jurisdictions and is structured to pre-qualify a Bahamian entity against realistic onboarding criteria before applications go out. See our banking service for how the routing works.
Annual Compliance
A Bahamian IBC carries continuing obligations whether or not it trades. Missing them has real consequences, from penalties to strike-off, and in the case of beneficial ownership, personal liability. The core annual duties are the government fee, beneficial-ownership upkeep, and economic-substance reporting.[1][9]
Annual Government Fee Renewal
The annual government fee, US$350 for an IBC with authorised capital up to US$50,000, falls due on 1 January each year and applies even to a dormant company.[3] It is paid to the Registrar through the government e-Services portal.[4] Late payment attracts a 10% penalty from 1 April and a 50% penalty from 1 November, and a company that does not pay is struck off the register.[1] Restoration is possible but costs more than timely renewal.
Accounting Records and Financial Reporting
An IBC is not required to file financial statements with the Registrar, but it must keep accounting records that reflect its transactions and make them available where required.[1] There is no general statutory audit for an ordinary IBC; an audit obligation arises through regulated activity, such as a digital-asset registration or fund licensing, rather than from incorporation itself.
Beneficial Ownership Updates
Changes to beneficial ownership must be recorded within 15 days, on the secure register maintained through the registered agent.[9] Penalties for failure escalate to fines and potential imprisonment.[10]
Penalties for Non-Compliance
The consequences run on two tracks. Non-payment of the annual fee leads to strike-off through the registry, with escalating penalties before removal.[1] Economic-substance failures carry an administrative penalty of up to US$150,000 and a strike-off risk in their own right.[16] Both tracks are avoidable with a calendar and an attentive agent, but neither is discretionary.
Economic Substance
The Commercial Entities (Substance Requirements) Act 2018 requires entities carrying on certain relevant activities to demonstrate genuine substance in the Bahamas.[16][17] It took effect on and is administered through the Minister of Finance and the Department of Inland Revenue as competent authority. All commercial entities report annually; only those carrying a relevant activity must satisfy the substance test.
Relevant Activities
The Act lists relevant activities including banking, insurance, fund management, financing and leasing, headquarters business, distribution and service-centre business, shipping, the commercial use of intellectual property, and holding-company business in respect of any of these.[16][17] Digital-asset business is not listed as a standalone relevant activity. The practical question is how a given crypto model maps onto the listed categories: a digital-asset operator frequently falls within fund management, financing, or headquarters business depending on what it actually does. Most licensed crypto models should assume substance is engaged and confirm the classification for their specific activity.
The Substance Test
An entity carrying a relevant activity must conduct its core income-generating activities in the Bahamas, be directed and managed there with adequately attended board meetings and local records, and maintain adequate qualified employees, expenditure, and physical premises proportionate to the activity.[16] A pure equity holding company faces a reduced test: compliance with statutory filing obligations plus adequate human resources and premises to hold and manage its equity participations.
Reporting Deadlines and Penalties
The annual substance report is due within nine months of the entity’s financial year-end, and an entity identifier is required to file.[17] The administrative penalty for failure to meet the requirements or for false reporting reaches US$150,000, and persistent failure carries a strike-off risk.[16]
Exemptions
An entity that is centrally managed and controlled, and tax-resident, in another jurisdiction can fall outside the Bahamian substance test, provided it substantiates that foreign tax residence with appropriate evidence such as a tax-residence certificate.[17] Resident-owned entities conducting their core activity in the Bahamas are treated accordingly.
Licensing Pathways from a Bahamian Company
The formation structure should be designed with the intended licence in mind, because capital, governance, and substance expectations differ by licence type. The headline pathway for digital-asset operators is a registration under the Digital Assets and Registered Exchanges Act 2024 with the Securities Commission of the Bahamas.[5]
DARE Digital-Asset Registration
Exchange, custody, staking, advisory, token offerings, and derivatives under the Securities Commission. Application and registration fees from US$16,250 in year one for most digital-asset businesses, and from US$25,000 for a digital-asset exchange.
Investment Fund Licensing
Bahamian fund vehicles licensed by the Securities Commission under the Investment Funds Act framework, suited to digital-asset funds and managed strategies.
A Bahamian entity confers no EU passporting rights, and MiCA contains no third-country equivalence regime, so a DARE registration does not let a firm serve EU clients as of right. MiCA Article 61 permits third-country firms to serve EU clients only where the client initiates contact entirely on their own initiative, and ESMA’s guidelines, published and applicable from , read this narrowly: any EU-targeted marketing, EU-language promotion, geo-targeted advertising, or use of EU-based influencers voids the exemption. Operators seeking systematic EU access should obtain a CASP authorisation in a member state. For the full detail, see Reverse Solicitation Under MiCA →
Advantages and Limitations
The Bahamas is a credible, recognised offshore base with a real digital-asset regime, balanced against genuine costs in banking and ongoing compliance. The trade-offs are worth stating plainly.
- Dedicated digital-asset regime. The DARE Act 2024 places crypto under a securities regulator, a credibility signal most offshore peers cannot match.
- No general corporate tax. No CIT, capital gains, or withholding tax for ordinary businesses, with a top-up tax only for very large groups.
- 100% foreign ownership. No local-ownership or local-director requirement.
- Fast, remote formation. One to five business days, handled entirely through a licensed agent.
- Clean international standing. Off the FATF list since [20] and off the EU non-cooperative tax list since .
- No public beneficial-ownership register. Beneficial ownership is recorded securely and accessed only by competent authorities, not the public.
- Banking is difficult for non-resident crypto. Mitigation: begin banking at formation and use a multi-jurisdiction stack of electronic-money and digital-asset-friendly institutions rather than relying on a local account.
- Economic substance applies. Mitigation: classify the activity early; many models can rely on foreign tax residence or a reduced holding-company test, but the annual return is unavoidable.
- Premium-tier cost. Mitigation: budget US$2,500 to US$5,000 in year one and treat the mandatory agent as a fixed recurring cost; Eastern Caribbean options are cheaper if regulatory standing is not the priority.
- No EU passporting. Mitigation: operators targeting EU clients can obtain a separate CASP authorisation in an EU member state for full market access via passporting, or, for isolated genuinely unsolicited contacts only, may fall within the narrow reverse solicitation exemption under MiCA Article 61.
- DARE licensing cost is substantial. Mitigation: model the full first-year fee load, from US$16,250 for most digital-asset businesses, into the business plan before committing.
- CARF reporting from 2028. Mitigation: build crypto-asset data collection into systems now, ahead of the domestic framework taking effect.
How the Bahamas Compares
Within the premium Caribbean offshore tier, the Bahamas is most often weighed against three peers: the British Virgin Islands, the highest-volume offshore registry; the Cayman Islands, the institutional fund and custody centre; and Bermuda, the higher-cost insurance and digital-asset domicile. All three are British-heritage common-law jurisdictions with no corporate tax for ordinary businesses and no EU market access.
| Factor | Bahamas | British Virgin Islands | Cayman Islands | Bermuda |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entity Type | IBC | Business Company | Exempted Company | Exempted Company |
| Timeline | 1 to 5 days | 1 to 5 days | 1 to 7 days | 3 to 7 days |
| State Fee | US$350 | US$550 | ~US$840 | US$340 |
| Min. Capital | None | None | None | None |
| Corporate Tax | 0% (15% MNE top-up) | 0% | 0% | 0% (15% MNE CIT) |
| EU Passporting | No | No | No | No |
| FATF Status | Clear | Grey-listed (Jun 2025) | Clear | Clear |
| Remote Management | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Crypto Banking | Difficult | Difficult | Difficult | Difficult |
| Best For | Securities-supervised digital-asset operators | High-volume, low-cost offshore holding and trading | Institutional funds and custody | Insurance and higher-end digital-asset business |
Compare every formation jurisdiction side by side →
Bermuda’s registration fee is low, but its tiered annual government fee is materially higher than the Bahamas, which is why Bermuda sits at the top of the cost range despite a comparable headline.[19]
When the Bahamas Is the Right Choice
Choose the Bahamas if: you want a digital-asset business supervised under bespoke primary legislation; you value a clean FATF and EU standing over the lowest possible cost; you need 100% foreign ownership with fast remote formation; or you want a securities-regulator relationship rather than a registration-only regime.
Consider alternatives if: cost is the deciding factor and you do not need a bespoke crypto regime, where the British Virgin Islands is cheaper at volume; you are building an institutional fund or custody structure, where the Cayman Islands has deeper infrastructure; or you need EU market access, where an EU member-state CASP authorisation, not any offshore company, is the route.
Not sure which column is you? Ask Emma. She compares these jurisdictions in seconds, in your language.
Frequently Asked Questions
A Bahamian International Business Company can be incorporated in one to five business days once due diligence is complete. The registry filing itself can complete in about one business day on an expedited basis, but a realistic end-to-end timeline of three to five business days allows for name reservation and the certification of identity documents. Formation is handled entirely through a Bahamian licensed registered agent, and no director or shareholder needs to travel to the Bahamas.
Yes. A Bahamian International Business Company can be 100% foreign-owned, with no requirement for a local director, local shareholder, or local secretary. The only mandatory local element is a licensed registered agent and registered office, which must be maintained in the Bahamas at all times. This makes the IBC a fully foreign-controlled vehicle, which is one reason it is the standard structure for international crypto and fintech businesses.
The International Business Company under the International Business Companies Act 2000 is the standard vehicle and the entity a digital-asset business must use, because a registration under the Digital Assets and Registered Exchanges Act 2024 requires a Bahamian-incorporated company. The Bahamas LLC and exempted partnership structures exist for specific purposes such as joint ventures and funds, but they are not general operating shells for a licensed crypto business.
The government incorporation fee is US$350 for an IBC with authorised capital up to US$50,000, but the realistic all-in first-year cost is US$2,500 to US$5,000 once the mandatory licensed agent and registered office are included. Ongoing annual cost is US$2,000 to US$4,000, driven by the annual government fee, the agent and office, and economic-substance reporting. A digital-asset registration is a separate and much larger cost.
For ordinary businesses, no. There is no corporate income tax, no capital gains tax, and no withholding tax on dividends, interest, or royalties. The one exception, in force since , is a 15% Domestic Minimum Top-Up Tax that applies only to constituent entities of multinational groups with annual revenue of €750m or more. A standalone Bahamian company below that threshold continues at 0%.
It is difficult, and harder than formation. Local Bahamian institutions are oriented to private banking and wealth management rather than transactional crypto, and appetite for non-resident-owned digital-asset companies is limited, with six-figure relationship balances commonly expected. In practice most operators bank their working capital outside the Bahamas, pairing the Bahamian entity with electronic-money and digital-asset-friendly institutions in other jurisdictions. Banking should be treated as a parallel workstream that begins at formation.
It can. The Commercial Entities (Substance Requirements) Act 2018 does not list digital-asset business as a standalone relevant activity, but a crypto model frequently falls within listed categories such as fund management, financing, or headquarters business depending on what it actually does. Every Bahamian entity files an annual substance return regardless, and entities carrying a relevant activity must demonstrate genuine local substance. The safest approach is to classify your specific activity early rather than assume you are out of scope.
Three core duties: pay the annual government fee of US$350 by 1 January, keep the beneficial-ownership register current within 15 days of any change, and file the economic-substance report within nine months of financial year-end. An IBC does not file financial statements with the government, but it must keep accounting records. Non-payment of the annual fee leads to strike-off, and substance failures carry penalties of up to US$150,000.
Yes. A Bahamian company can apply for a registration under the Digital Assets and Registered Exchanges Act 2024 with the Securities Commission of the Bahamas, covering activities such as exchange operation, custody, staking, advisory services, and token offerings. First-year application and registration fees start from US$16,250 for most digital-asset businesses and from US$25,000 for a digital-asset exchange. The company must be Bahamian-incorporated first, which is why the IBC is formed as the foundation.
A Bahamian company does not grant EU market access or passporting rights, and MiCA contains no third-country equivalence regime. MiCA Article 61 permits third-country firms to serve EU clients only where the client initiates contact entirely on their own initiative, but ESMA interprets this very narrowly, and any EU-targeted marketing voids the exemption. Operators seeking systematic EU market access should obtain a separate CASP authorisation in an EU member state. See our reverse solicitation guide for the detail.
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References
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- Registrar General’s Department (Bahamas), Companies Registry: Incorporation and Company Search Services, rgd.gov.bs, accessed .
- Government of the Bahamas, International Business Companies Act 2000 (CH.309), laws.bahamas.gov.bs, accessed .
- Higgs & Johnson, Formation of International Business Companies (IBCs): Fees and Annual Obligations, higgsjohnson.com, accessed .
- Government of the Bahamas, Pay Annual Fees (e-Services), bahamas.gov.bs, accessed .
- Securities Commission of the Bahamas, Digital Assets and Registered Exchanges Act 2024, scb.gov.bs, accessed .
- Securities Commission of the Bahamas, Digital Assets and Registered Exchanges (Fees) Rules 2024 (S.I. 110/2024), scb.gov.bs, accessed .
- Department of Inland Revenue (Bahamas), Value Added Tax: Rates and Registration, inlandrevenue.finance.gov.bs, accessed .
- Higgs & Johnson, The Bahamas Domestic Minimum Top-Up Tax Act 2024, higgsjohnson.com, accessed .
- Government of the Bahamas, Register of Beneficial Ownership Act 2018, laws.bahamas.gov.bs, accessed .
- Trident Trust, Beneficial Ownership Reporting Requirements in the Bahamas, tridenttrust.com, accessed .
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bahamas), Apostilles and Legalisation of Documents, mofa.gov.bs, accessed .
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- OECD, Common Reporting Standard: Participating Jurisdictions, oecd.org, accessed .
- OECD Global Forum, Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework: Commitments and Timelines, oecd.org, accessed .
- Central Bank of the Bahamas, De-risking FAQs and Exchange-Control Guidance, centralbankbahamas.com, accessed .
- Lennox Paton, The Commercial Entities (Substance Requirements) Act 2018: Enforcement and Penalties, lennoxpaton.com, accessed .
- Delaney Partners, Economic Substance Requirements for Commercial Entities in the Bahamas: Reporting Obligations, delaneypartners.com, accessed .
- PwC, Bermuda: Corporate Income Tax (Pillar Two) Significant Developments, taxsummaries.pwc.com, accessed .
- Government of Bermuda, Registrar of Companies Government Fees Regulations, gov.bm, accessed .
- FATF, FATF Removes the Bahamas from the List of Jurisdictions under Increased Monitoring, fatf-gafi.org, accessed .